Manejo de la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional. A propósito de un caso

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es definida como un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones, las cuales surgen a partir del epitelio trofoblástico de la placenta luego de una fertilización anormal. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años de edad, con diagnóstico de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional posmolar en etapa I, que se detectó tras estudios imagenológicos de seguimiento y determinación de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana, para lo cual llevó tratamiento con quimioterapia y terapéutica de mantenimiento con metotrexato por 5 días o metotrexato/ácido folínico por 8 días, hasta la normalización de la gonadotropina coriónica humana. Lo más relevante es que, aunque estos tumores abarcan menos del 1 % de los tumores ginecológicos, representan una amenaza para la vida de las mujeres en edad reproductiva.

Gestational trophoblastic disease is defined as a heterogeneous group of lesions, which arise from the trophoblastic epithelium of the placenta after abnormal fertilization. The case of a 35-year-old female patient is presented with a diagnosis of posmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in stage I, which was detected after follow-up imaging studies and determination of human chorionic gonadotropin, for which she underwent chemotherapy treatment and maintenance therapy with methotrexate for 5 days or methotrexate/folinic acid for 8 days, until normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin The most relevant thing is that, although these tumors comprise less than 1% of gynecological tumors, they represent a threat to the life of women of reproductive age.

Tumor trofoblástico de sitio placentario secundario a mola parcial. Reporte de un caso / Placental site trophoblastic tumor secondary to partial mole. Report of a case

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es un padecimiento que incluye un grupo de tumores placentarios, consecuencia de una proliferación anormal del tejido del trofoblasto. Se caracteriza por una excesiva elevación de la gonadotrofina coriónica humana que se considera diagnóstica y un predictor pronóstico. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 23 años con hiperémesis gravídica y aumento del tamaño del útero mayor para las siete semanas de gestación y cuantificación de las concentraciones de HGC anormalmente elevadas en comparación con su valor basal. Se descartaron los diagnósticos diferenciales de mola parcial hidatiforme, mola completa y embarazo múltiple. Se concluyó que se trataba de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. Se procedió a la evacuación de la cavidad uterina de la que se extrajeron abundantes porciones de tejido ovoconformacional y molariforme. El informe de Patología fue: útero arcuato con tumor de sitio placentario, endometritis crónica, cervicitis con metaplasia escamosa, quiste de Nabot y endometrio proliferativo tardío. CONCLUSIÓN: Puesto que las pacientes con enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional suelen tener un pronóstico sombrío se sugiere la histerectomía simple para llegar a la curación. Por la agresividad del tumor y resistencia a otros tratamientos es indispensable el monitoreo riguroso semanal de la cuantificación de la HCG.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Gestational trophoblastic disease is a condition that includes a group of placental tumors resulting from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue. It is characterized by an excessive elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin which is considered diagnostic and a prognostic predictor. CLINICAL CASE: 23-year-old patient with hyperemesis gravidarum and uterine enlargement greater than 7 weeks' gestation and abnormally elevated HGC levels compared to baseline. The differential diagnoses of hydatidiform partial mole, complete mole and multiple pregnancy were ruled out. It was concluded that it was gestational trophoblastic disease. The uterine cavity was evacuated and abundant portions of ovoconformal and molariform tissue were extracted. The pathology report was: arcuate uterus with placental site tumor, chronic endometritis, cervicitis with squamous metaplasia, Nabot's cyst and late proliferative endometrium. CONCLUSION: Since patients with gestational trophoblastic disease usually have a dismal prognosis simple hysterectomy is suggested to reach cure. Because of the aggressiveness of the tumor and resistance to other treatments, rigorous weekly monitoring of HCG quantification is indispensable.

Initial management of hydatidiform mole

Introduction: Hydatidiform mole is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease that results from the abnormal fertilization of an oocyte and causes nonspecific symptoms such as amenorrhea, metrorrhagia, and enlarged uterus. Although rare, its most characteristic symptoms include hyperemesis, early-onset pre-eclampsia, anemia, and respiratory distress. Case presentation: A 47-year-old Moroccan woman consulted the emergency department of the Hospital Clínico Universitario in Valladolid (Spain) after a month of persistent coughing and emesis. The patient reported epigastralgia and amenorrhoea for two months, as well as scant vaginal bleeding two days prior to consultation. Taking into account that the patient tested positive for pregnancy, that a heterogeneous intrauterine mass measuring 124x120mm was observed on transvaginal ultrasound, that no abnormal findings were reported on Doppler ultrasound, and that her serum ßhCG levels reached a value of 772.110 mIU/mL, a diagnosis of hydatidiform mole was suspected. Once informed about the possible therapeutic options, the patient decided to undergo a total hysterectomy, as she stated that she had already fulfilled her desire to be a mother. After the procedure, the patient's clinical condition improved, and the pathology report of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of partial hydatidiform mole. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of hydatidiform mole is paramount in order to provide adequate treatment and improve the prognosis of these patients. Therefore, despite its low incidence and non-specific clinical manifestations, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis for first-trimester metrorrhagia.

Introducción. La mola hidatiforme es un tipo de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional que se presenta como resultado de la fertilización anormal de un ovocito y que ocasiona síntomas inespecíficos como amenorrea, metrorragia y aumento del tamaño del útero. Aunque infrecuentes, sus síntomas más característicos incluyen hiperémesis, preeclampsia de inicio temprano, anemia y distrés respiratorio. Presentación del caso. Mujer marroquí de 47 años que consultó al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid debido a que había presentado tos y vómitos por un mes. La paciente refirió haber sufrido epigastralgia y amenorrea por dos meses, así como escaso sangrado vaginal en los últimos dos días. Teniendo en cuenta que la paciente dio positivo en una prueba de embarazo, que en la ecografía transvaginal se observó una masa intrauterina heterogénea de 124x120mm, que no se reportaron hallazgos anormales en la ecografía Doppler y que sus niveles séricos de ßhCG alcanzaron un valor de 772.110 mUI/mL, se sospechó un diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme. Una vez informada sobre las posibles alternativas terapéuticas, la paciente decidió someterse a una histerectomía total, pues refirió que ya había cumplido su deseo de ser madre. Luego de realizar procedimiento, la condición clínica de la paciente mejoró; además, el informe de patología de la masa permitió confirmar el diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme parcial. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico temprano de la mola hidatiforme es de gran importancia para ofrecer un tratamiento adecuado y, de esta forma, mejorar el pronóstico de estas pacientes. Por tanto, a pesar de su baja incidencia y sus manifestaciones clínicas inespecíficas, se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial de las metrorragias del primer trimestre.

Embarazo ectópico roto con fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana negativa: reporte de caso / Ruptured ectopic pregnancy with negative human chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta fraction: case report

Resumen El embarazo ectópico roto es una emergencia quirúrgica cuyo diagnóstico, gracias a la interrelación de la cuantificación de la fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana (HCG-β) y los hallazgos ultrasonográficos, se ha hecho más preciso. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico se vuelve difícil cuando clínicamente se encuentran datos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico con una HCG-β negativa. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 25 años acude a valoración por referir 12,2 semanas de retraso menstrual, asociado a sangrado transvaginal y signos de irritación peritoneal, que cuenta con HCG-β negativa (< 5 mUI/ml). Se realizó un rastreo ultrasonográfico encontrando abundante líquido libre en cavidad, sin evidencia de embarazo intrauterino. Ante la alta sospecha de embarazo ectópico se realizó laparotomía exploradora, encontrando hallazgos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico roto, y se realizó salpingectomía. Finalmente, en el estudio posoperatorio se confirmó por histopatología un embarazo ectópico roto. Existen muy pocos reportes en la literatura internacional de pacientes con características clínicas de embarazo ectópico roto, con HCG-β negativa. Es importante la difusión de este tipo de casos con la finalidad de mejorar los abordajes diagnósticos y no restar importancia ante la sospecha clínica, a pesar de presentar una HCG-β negativa.

Abstract Broken ectopic pregnancy is a surgical emergency that due to the relation between the serum quantification of the of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and the ultrasonographic findings, there have been improvements to reach a precise diagnosis. However, there are very few reported cases in the literature where a broken ectopic pregnancy is described with negative serum results in β-HCG. We present a case report of a 25-year-old patient came to the evaluation for referring 12.2 weeks of menstrual delay, associated with transvaginal bleeding and data of peritoneal irritation, she had a negative β-HCG fraction (< 5 mIU/ml). A scan was performed ultrasound finding abundant free fluid in the cavity, without evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. Given the high suspicion of ectopic pregnancy, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding findings suggestive of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, a salpingectomy was performed. Finally, in the postoperative study, a ruptured ectopic pregnancy was confirmed by histopathology. There are very few reported internationally were found a patient with clinical characteristics of broken ectopic pregnancy, with a β-HCG negative. It is important the scientific diffusion of this type of cases with the purpose of improving the diagnostic approaches and not underestimating importance to the clinical suspicion, despite presenting negative β-HCG results.

Beta-gonadotropina coriónica humana cualitativa, herramienta diagnóstica de rotura prematura de membranas ovulares en Honduras / Qualitative human beta chorionic gonadotropin for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes in Honduras

RESUMEN Objetivo : Analizar la beta gonadotropina coriónica humana (β-hCG) cualitativa como método diagnóstico de rotura prematura de membranas ovulares (RPM). Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles, prospectivo, con muestra no probabilística por conveniencia, de 90 mujeres entre 24 y 40 semanas de gestación divididas en dos grupos: grupo de estudio (45 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de RPM) y grupo control (45 pacientes hospitalizadas sin RPM). Se realizó lavado o aspirado vaginal para determinar cualitativamente la β-hCG en kits comerciales de medición β-hCG con umbral de 25 mUI/mL, así también la prueba en papel de nitrazina. Resultados: La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo para la prueba de β-hCG-25 fueron 77,8% (IC95%, 63,7 a 87,5), 82,2% (IC95%, 68,7 a 90,7), 81,4% y 78,7%, respectivamente. La precisión diagnóstica fue de 80,0% (0,6 índice kappa Landis & Koch) versus 75,6% para la pH-metría con nitrazina. Conclusiones: La prueba cualitativa de β-hCG mostró un valor diagnóstico representativo y puede corroborar el diagnóstico temprano de RPM, recomendándola por ser una prueba simple, rápida, accesible y de bajo costo.

ABSTRACT Objective : To analyze qualitative human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) as a diagnostic method for premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Methods : Prospective case-control study, with a non-probabilistic sample by convenience, of 90 women between 24 and 40 weeks of gestation divided into two groups: study group (45 patients with clinical diagnosis of PROM) and control group (45 patients hospitalized without PROM). Vaginal lavage or aspirate was performed to qualitatively determine β-hCG in commercial β-hCG measurement kits with threshold of 25 mUI/mL as well as nitrazine paper test. Results : The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the β-hCG-25 test were 77.8% (95% CI, 63.7-87.5), 82.2% (95% CI, 68.7-90.7), 81.4%, and 78.7%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 80.0% (0.6 Landis & Koch kappa index) versus 75.6% for nitrazine pH-metry. Conclusions : The qualitative β-hCG test showed a representative diagnostic value and can corroborate the early diagnosis of PROM, recommending it as a simple, rapid, accessible and low-cost test.

Conservative management in a patient with cervical ectopic pregnancy in Nariño, Colombia: Case report and review of the literature / Manejo conservador en una paciente con embarazo ectópico cervical en nariño, colombia: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN Objetivos: reportar el caso de un embarazo cervical (EC) que recibió manejo conservador exitoso y realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico conservador. Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una paciente con embarazo cervical, quien recibió manejo farmacológico con metotrexate (MTX) y posterior legrado con evolución clínica satisfactoria. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en Medline vía PubMed, LILACS, SciElo y Google académico con los términos: "cervical ectopic pregnancy", "conservative treatment", "curettage", "methotrexate", "uterine artery embolization" "hysteroscopy". Se seleccionaron reportes y series de caso, pacientes con embarazo cervical diagnosticado por ultrasonido, de cualquier edad gestacional, sometidas tratamiento médico o quirúrgico conservador. Resultados: se incluyeron 22 estudios; se identificaron 95 pacientes con EC tratados con MTX, con tratamiento exitoso en 93. La complicación más frecuente fue la hemorragia en 12 %; el 26 % requirió tratamiento quirúrgico complementario. Cada vez más, la embolización de arterias uterinas (EAU) se realiza de manera preventiva (7 casos) antes del legrado o del tratamiento con MTX. La histeroscopia es otra alternativa reciente (20 casos). En 2 casos se requirió histerectomía abdominal, uno de los cuales fue un embarazo ístmico cervical. Conclusiones: el tratamiento con MTX sigue siendo el más frecuentemente utilizado. La dilatación y el curetaje con taponamiento endocervical puede ser una opción por considerar en el manejo de urgencia del EC en instituciones de atención primaria. En instituciones donde se dispone de tecnologías de alta complejidad, la embolización de arterias uterinas previa a los procedimientos quirúrgicos y la histeroscopia son opciones que se deben considerar. Dado que actualmente es posible el diagnóstico temprano del EC, se requieren estudios multicéntricos que comparen las diferentes alternativas de manejo para una mejor evaluación de su seguridad y efectividad. Conclusiones: el tratamiento con MTX sigue siendo el más frecuentemente utilizado. La dilatación y el curetaje con taponamiento endocervical puede ser una opción por considerar en el manejo de urgencia del EC en instituciones de atención primaria. En instituciones donde se dispone de tecnologías de alta complejidad, la embolización de arterias uterinas previa a los procedimientos quirúrgicos y la histeroscopia son opciones que se deben considerar. Dado que actualmente es posible el diagnóstico temprano del EC, se requieren estudios multicéntricos que comparen las diferentes alternativas de manejo para una mejor evaluación de su seguridad y efectividad

ABSTRACT Objectives: To report a case of cervical pregnancy (CP) treated successfully with a conservative approach, and to conduct a review of the literature regarding conservative medical and surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: Patient with cervical pregnancy treated pharmacologically with methotrexate (MTX) followed by dilation and curettage, with a satisfactory clinical course. A search of articles was conducted in Medline via PubMed, LILACS, SciElo and Google Scholar using the terms "cervical ectopic pregnancy," "conservative treatment," "curettage,¼ "methotrexate," "uterine artery embolization," "hysteroscopy." Reports and case series were selected of patients with cervical pregnancy diagnosed on ultrasound at any gestational age, subjected to conservative medical or surgical treatment. Results: A total of 22 studies were included; 95 patients with CP treated with MTX were identified, 93 of them successfully treated. The most frequent complication was bleeding in 12%; 26% required complementary surgical treatment. Increasingly, uterine artery embolization (UAE) is carried out preventatively (7 cases) before curettage or treatment with MTX. The hysteroscopy is another recent alternative (20 cases). Abdominal hysterectomy was required in two cases, one of which was a cervico-isthmic pregnancy. Conclusions: Treatment with MTX continues to be the most frequent strategy. Dilation and curettage with endocervical plugging may be an option to consider in the emergency management of EP in primary care institutions. In institutions equipped with high complexity technology, uterine artery embolization before the surgical procedure and histeroscopy are options to be considered. Considering that early diagnosis of EP is now possible, multi-center studies comparing different management options are needed for better assessment of their safety and effectiveness.

Embarazo molar en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba. Enero 2013-marzo 2018 / Molar pregnancy in the General Hospital of Riobamba. January 2013-March 2018

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional está caracterizada por un crecimiento anómalo de esas células de la placenta luego de una fertilización anormal; lo cual puede presentar altera-ciones de tipo premalignas y malignas. Un estudio con enfoque mixto, de tipo observacional descriptivo, transversal permitió alcanzar el propósito de describir la incidencia del embarazo molar en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba, durante el período comprendido entre enero 2013 y marzo 2018. El universo de estudio estuvo consti-tuido por las historias clínicas de las embarazadas atendidas en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, de esa institución de salud en el período mencionado; al que se le practicó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional o deliberado, que permitió seleccionar 53 expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico certero de embarazo molar. El 66% de las pacientes en estudio se encuentraban en el rango de 10 a 19.6 semanas al momento de ser diagnosticadas con mola hidatiforme. Existió una alta incidencia de la patología entre las edades de 16 a 25 años con un 64%. La sintomatología más frecuente reportada incluyó sangrado vaginal y dolor abdo-minal con un total del (92,45%). Sin embargo, predominaron las entidades benignas con un 81,13%. El principal factor de riesgo de padecer esta patología resultó el antecedente de abor-tos previos.

Gestational trophoblastic disease is characterized by an abnormal growth of these cells of the placenta after abnormal fertilization; which may present alterations of premalignant and malignant type. A study with a mixed approach, descriptive, cross-sectional observational type, allowed to reach the purpose of describing the incidence of molar pregnancy in patients attended in the General Hospital of Riobamba, during the period January 2013- March 2018. The universe of study was constituted by the clinical histories of the pregnant women atten-ded in the Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics of that institution of health mentioned above. 53 records of patients with an accurate diagnosis of molar pregnancy were chosen by an intentional or deliberate non-probabilistic sampling. 66% of the patients under study were in the range of 10 to 19.6 weeks at the time of being diagnosed with hydatidiform mole. There was a high incidence of pathology between the 16 to 25 years of ages with 64%. The most frequent symptomatology reported included vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain with a total of 92.45%. However, benign entities predominated with 81.13%. The main risk factor of suffering this pathology was the antecedent of previous abortions.

Mola hidatiforme parcial del segundo trimestre / Second trimester partial hydatidiform mole

La mola hidatiforme coexistente con un feto vivo es una entidad infrecuente que se caracteriza por la degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales, hiperplasia del trofoblasto y evidencia macroscópica de un feto. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir el caso clínico de una paciente con diagnóstico de mola parcial y edad gestacional de 23 semanas. Presentamos una paciente de 31 años remitida de consulta de perinatología con 22,5 semanas de gestación, tensión arterial elevada, signo de más y ecografía con 20 semanas que describe placenta con lagos venosos; con antecedentes de alfafetoproteína elevada. En el hospital empeoró su estado con una preeclampsia agravada, y con ecografía evolutiva que describe placenta de 71 mm, con múltiples lagos venosos. Se plantea posible enfermedad trofoblástica y se discute para interrupción del embarazo. Se realizó microcesárea, se obtiene feto muerto femenino de 600 gramos, con placenta de 400 gramos con múltiples vesículas que recuerdan la mola parcial, diagnóstico que se confirma posteriormente con estudio histopatológico. En la mola parcial, el embrión rara vez sobrevive hasta el segundo trimestre. Si no se realizan pruebas citogenéticas, posiblemente no se diagnostiquen porque los cambios histológicos suelen ser sutiles. La clínica, la fracción beta de la gonadotropina coriónica y el estudio de la placenta, el feto o ambos, son los que permitirán realizar el diagnóstico definitivo para determinar el seguimiento y disminuir las complicaciones(AU)

The hydatidiform mole coexisting with a living fetus is a rare entity that is characterized by hydropic degeneration of the chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the trophoblast and macroscopic evidence of a fetus. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical case of a patient with a diagnosis of partial mole and gestational age of 23 weeks. We present a 31-year-old patient referred for perinatology consultation with 22.5 weeks of gestation, high blood pressure, plus sign and ultrasound with 20 weeks describing placenta with venous lakes; and history of high alpha-fetoprotein. In the hospital, her condition worsened with aggravated preeclampsia, and with an evolving ultrasound, that describes a 71 mm placenta with multiple venous lakes. Possible trophoblastic disease arises and is discussed for termination of pregnancy. Micro-cesarean surgery was performed, a female fetus weighing 600 grams was obtained, a placenta of 400 grams with multiple vesicles that resemble partial mole. This diagnosis is later confirmed with histopathological study. In partial mole, the embryo rarely survives until the second trimester. If cytogenetic tests are not performed, they may not be diagnosed because the histological changes are usually subtle. The clinic, the beta fraction of the chorionic gonadotropin and the study of the placenta, the fetus or both, are the ones that will make the definitive diagnosis to determine the follow-up and decrease the complications(AU)

Factores de riesgo, diagnóstico histológico y concentraciones de beta-hCG en pacientes con mola hidatiforme / Risk factors, histological diagnosis and beta-hCG concentrations in patients with hydatidiform mole

Resumen Introducción: La mola hidatiforme es la forma más común de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. La cuantificación de beta-hCG sérica tiene importante valor en su diagnóstico y pronóstico, no obstante en Colombia no se cuenta con referencias de sus niveles según el tipo de mola o factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Estudiar el comportamiento de los valores de beta-hCG según el tipo de mola y los factores de riesgo. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 74 casos con diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme en el departamento de patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander entre los años 2005 y 2014. Se registró a partir de los datos proporcionados por la historia clínica: hábito de fumar, hemoclasificación, indicación de régimen EMA-CO, antecedentes sociodemográficos y ginecoobstétricos y la concentración de beta-hCG previa al tratamiento evacuador. Resultados: 63 casos presentaron mediciones válidas de beta-hCG. En el análisis se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas con un nivel de significancia del 10%. La mediana de beta-hCG para mola completa y parcial fue 270 852 UI/L y 40 379 UI/L respectivamente. Hubo una diferencia significativa para los valores de beta-hCG entre grupos de mola (p<0,0001). Para el diagnóstico de mola completa un punto de corte de 170 000 U/L presentó una sensibilidad del 91,5% y una especificidad del 75%. La indicación de EMA-CO presentó una asociación significativa con los valores de beta-hCG (p=0,066); no alcanzaron significancia las asociaciones con el tabaquismo (p=0,118) y la multiparidad (p=0,111). Conclusión: La cuantificación de beta-hCG ayuda a clasificar el tipo de mola aunque su rendimiento diagnóstico es modesto. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Abstract Introduction: Hydatidiform mole is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease. The quantification of serum beta-hCG has important value in its diagnosis and prognosis, however in Colombia there are no references of its values according to the type of mole or risk factors. Objective: To study the behavior of beta-hCG values according to the type of mole and the risk factors. Materials and Methods: 74 cases with diagnosis of hydatidiform mole were studied in the pathology department of the Industrial University of Santander between 2005 and 2014. It was recorded from the data provided by the clinical history: smoking habit, blood sample, indication of the EMA-CO regimen, sociodemographic and gyneco-obstetric antecedents and the beta-hCG concentration prior to the evacuation treatment. Results: 63 cases presented valid measurements of beta-hCG. In the analysis nonparametric tests with a level of significance of 10% were used. The median beta-hCG for complete and partial mole was 270 852 IU / L and 40 379 IU / L respectively. There was a significant difference for beta-hCG values between mola groups (p <0.0001). For the diagnosis of complete mole, a cut-off point of 170,000 U / L showed a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 75%. The EMA-CO indication showed a significant association with beta-hCG values (p = 0.066); associations with smoking (p = 0.118) and multiparity (p = 0.111) were not significant. Conclusion: The quantification of beta-hCG helps to classify the type of mole although its diagnostic performance is modest. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Caso Clínico: Mola Hidatiforme Parcial. Resolución Obstétrica / Case Report: Partial Hydatiform Mole Obstetric Resolution

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mola hidatiforme parcial es una enfermedad del tejido trofoblástico que se caracteriza por presentar sobrecrecimiento del mismo, con feto presente, sus manifestaciones tanto clínicas como de laboratorio indican que puede transformarse en tumor de características malignas. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 28 años de edad de 17.1 Semanas de Gestación (SG) por fecha de última menstruación (FUM), con presencia de sangrado rojo rutilante hace 9 horas, vómitos postprandiales durante todo embarazo, niveles de hormona gonadotropina coriónica fracción B (BHCG) 90000 mUI/ml, ecografía que reporta placenta multiquística en patrón de racimo de uvas con presencia de feto vivo. EVOLUCIÓN: Paciente es sometida a un aborto terapéutico modo parto y legrado, presenta un valor de BHCG 25000 mUI/ml, se realiza evaluación periódica de BHCG, a los 15 días después del procedimiento presenta un nivel de BHCG de 470 mUI/ml, al mes presenta un valor de BHCG de 183 mUI/ml. Se optó por administrar manejo anticonceptivo mediante Drospirenona + Etinilestradiol mínimo por 6 meses, al segundo mes de BHCG disminuye a 86 mUI/ml, ecografía de control con reporte normal, a los 4 meses el valor de BHCG reportado es < 1 mUI/ml por lo cual oncología decide el alta médica definitiva. CONCLUSIONES: Según datos bibliográficos la presentación de la enfermedad es muy similar a la del caso expuesto, siendo una rara afección del tejido trofoblástico, que mediante un pronto diagnóstico y manejo, tuvo un desenlace y evolución favorable, llegando a una resolución completa de la enfermedad. (au)

BACKGROUND: The partial hydatidmole is a disease oftrophoblastic tissue characterized by trophoblastic overgrowth with a fetus present, both clinical and laboratory manifestations that indicate being able to transforminto a tumor ofmalignant characteristics. CASE REPORT A 28-year-old patient 17.1 gestation weeks, with red bleeding 9 hours ago, postprandial vomiting throughout pregnancy, BHCG 90000mUI/ml levels, ultrasound thatreports amulticystic placenta in the formof a honeycomb of bees with presence of vivid fetus. EVOLUTION: Patientis submitted to therapeutic abortion in themode of delivery and curettage presents a BHCG value of 25000 mUI/ml, a periodic evaluation of BHCG is performed, 15 days after the procedure has aBHCGlevel of 470mUI/ml, amonthlyBHCGvalue of 183 , it was decided to administer contraceptive management by means of Drospirenona + Etinilestradiol minimum for 6 months, the second month of BHCG decreases to 86 mUI/ml, control ultrasound with normal report, at 4 months the value of BHCG reported is < 1mUI/ml for which oncology decides high definitivemedical. CONCLUSIONS: According to bibliographical data the presentation of the disease is very similar to that of the exposed case, being a rare affection of the trophoblastic tissue, which through a prompt diagnosis and management had a favorable outcome and evolution, reaching a complete resolution ofthe disease.(au)

Progesterone level on the day of hCG administration in relation to the pregnancy rates of patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques / Valor da progesterona no dia do hCG em relação à taxa de gravidez de pacientes submetidas às técnicas de reprodução assistida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the predictive capacity for pregnancy of the progesterone level on the day of administering human chorionic gonadotropin, in women submitted to assisted reproductive techniques. Methods An observational study with 914 women submitted to assisted reproductive techniques from August 2014 to June 2016. Results Total pregnancy rate was 34.58%; in that, the pregnancy rate in women <35 years, between 35 and 38, and >38 years was, respectively, 42.3%, 38.7% and 16.1% (p<0.001). For embryo transfer in the same cycle, and progesterone of 1.3ng/dL, sensitivity was 4.78%, specificity, 84.18%, accuracy, 56.72%, positive likelihood ratio of 0.3019, and negative likelihood ratio of 1.1312, with receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.46 (95%CI: 0.42-0.49). Conclusion The progesterone level on the day of administering human chorionic gonadotropin of 1.3ng/dL differs from that empirically adopted at the study site (1.7ng/dL), and has a better predictive capacity for pregnancy in the patients studied. However, the low sensitivity of this examination raises questions about its real importance.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a capacidade preditiva para gravidez do valor de progesterona no dia da administração da gonadotrofina coriônica humana em mulheres submetidas às técnicas de reprodução assistida. Métodos Estudo observacional com 914 mulheres submetidas a reprodução assistida de agosto de 2014 até junho de 2016. Resultados Engravidaram 34,58% das mulheres, sendo a taxa de gravidez naquelas >35 anos, entre 35 e 38 anos e >38 anos, respectivamente, de 42,3%, 38,7% e 16,1% (p<0,001). Para o valor de progesterona até 1,3ng/dL visando à transferência embrionária no mesmo ciclo, encontraram-se sensibilidade de 4,78%, especificidade de 84,18%, acurácia de 56,72%, razão de verossimilhança positiva de 0,3019 e razão de verossimilhança negativa de 1,1312, com área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor de 0,46 (IC95%: 0,42-0,49). Conclusão O valor de progesterona no dia da administração de gonadotrofina coriônica humana até 1,3ng/dL difere daquele empiricamente adotado no local do estudo (1,7ng/dL) e apresenta melhor capacidade preditiva para gravidez nas pacientes estudadas. No entanto, a baixa sensibilidade deste exame abre questionamentos sobre sua real importância.

Efecto del protocolo de inducción hormonal en la espermiación y las características seminales de yaque ( Leiarius marmoratus ) / Effect of hormone induction protocol in the spermiation and seminal characteristics of yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) / Efeito do protocolo de indução hormonal sobre a spermiação e as características do sêmen do yaque (Leiarius marmoratus)

Resumen El yaque Leiarius marmoratus, es una especie de siluriforme nativo con gran potencial para la diversificación de la acuicultura colombiana; sin embargo, la espermiación en cautiverio aún presenta dificultades debido al bajo volumen seminal liberado con los protocolos de inducción tradicionales. En consecuencia, el objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de cinco protocolos de inducción hormonal, basados en Extracto de Hipófisis de Carpa (EHC), sGnRHa + domperidona (OVAPRIM®) y Gonadotropina Coriónica Humana (GHC) (FERTIVET®), sobre la calidad y volumen seminal de la especie. Fueron seleccionados 18 machos sexualmente maduros de 54,4 ± 2,2 cm de longitud total y 1,6 ± 0,1 kg peso corporal. Se evaluaron 5 tratamientos, así: T1: 0,25 ml/kg (0 h) y 1 ml/kg de OVAPRIM® (12 h); T2: 1 mg/kg de EHC (0 h) y 3 mg/kg de EHC (12 h); T3: dosis única de 200 UI/kg de GCH; T4: 3 mg/kg de EHC (0 h) y 200 UI/Kg de GHC (8h); T5: 1 ml/kg de OVAPRIM® (0h) y 200 UI/kg de GHC (8h); Control: 1 ml de suero fisiológico. El semen se colecto 6 h después de aplicada la última dosis hormonal. El T1 y T5 mostraron un volumen mayor (p<0,05) (5,4 ± 1,1; 4,8 ± 1,2 ml) cuando comparados con T2 (3,1 ± 1ml), T3 (2,3 ml) T4 (2,4 ± 1,1 ml) y el control (0,2 ml). En cuanto a la movilidad y tiempo de activación, T1 y T5 presentaron los mejores resultados (90 ± 0% y 54,2 ± 7 s; 90 ± 0% y 52,9 ± 3,8 s, respectivamente). La concentración espermática fue mayor (p<0,05) en T2 y T5 (1,275 ± 322; y 1,261 ± 225 sptz x 103/µl) comparadas con los otros tratamientos. Se concluye que la inducción hormonal con OVAPRIM® combinada con HCG, son efectivas para la producción seminal en la especie.

Abstract The yaque Leiarius marmoratus is specie of native silurid, with great potential for the diversification of the colombian aquaculture; however, the spermiation in captive yet presents difficulties due to the low seminal volume released with traditional induction protocols. In consequence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of five protocols of hormonal induction based on carp pituitary extract (EHC), sGnRHa + domperidone (OVAPRIM®) and human chorionic gonadotropin (GHC) (FERTIVET®) on seminal quality and volume of the specie. Were selected 18 sexually mature males of 54,4 ± 2,2 cm in total length and 1,6 ± 0,1 kg body weight. 5 treatments were evaluated so: T1 : 0,25 ml/kg (0 h) and 1 ml/kg of OVAPRIM® (12 h ); T2: 1 mg/kg of EHC (0 h) and 3 mg/kg of EHC (12 h) ; T3 : single dose of 200 UI/kg HCG; T4: 3 mg/kg of EHC (0 h) and 200 UI /kg GHC (8h) ; T5: 1 ml/kg of OVAPRIM® (0h) and 200 U.I / kg of GHC (8h) ; Control: 1 ml of saline solution. Semen was obtained 6 hours after the last dose hormone. T1 and T5 showed a larger volume (p<0.05) (5,4 ± 1,1, 4,8 ± 1,2 ml) compared to T2 (3,1 ± 1ml), T3 (2,3 ml) T4 (2,4 ± 1.1 ml) and control (0.2 ml). Regarding motility and activation time, T1 and T5 had the best results (90 ± 0 % and 54,2 ± 7 s; 90 ± 0 % and 52,9 ± 3,8 s, respectively). The sperm concentration was higher in (p<0,05) T2 and T5 (1,275 ± 322, ± 225 and 1,261 sptz x 103/ul) compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, hormonal induction with OVAPRIM® combined with HCG, are effective for the seminal production in the specie.

Resumo O yaque Leiarius marmoratus, é uma espécie siluriforme nativa com grande potencial para a diversificação da aquicultura colombiana; No entanto, a spermiação em cativeiro ainda apresenta dificuldades devido ao baixo volume seminal liberado com protocolos de indução tradicionais. Por conseguinte, o objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de protocolos de indução de cinco hormonais base de extrato de hipófise de carpa (EHC), sGnRHa + domperidona (Ovaprim®) e Gonadotropina coriónica humana (GHC) (FERTIVET®) sobre a qualidade e volume seminal das espécies. Foram Selecionados 18 machos sexualmente maduros de 54,4 ± 2,2 cm de comprimento total e 1,6 ± 0,1 kg de peso corporal. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos: T1: 0,25 ml / kg (0 h) e 1 ml / kg de OVAPRIM® (12 h); T2: 1 mg / kg de EHC (0 h) e 3 mg / kg de EHC (12 h); T3: dose única de 200 UI / kg de HCG; T4: 3 mg / kg de EHC (0 h) e 200 UI / kg de GHC (8h); T5: 1 ml / kg de OVAPRIM® (0h) e 200 UI / kg de GHC (8h); Controle: 1 ml de solução salina fisiológica. O sêmen foi coletado 6 h após a última dose hormonal foi aplicada. T1 e T5 mostraram um volume maior (p <0,05) (5,4 ± 1,1, 4,8 ± 1,2 ml) quando comparado com T2 (3,1 ± 1 ml), T3 (2,3 ml) T4 (2,4 ± 1,1 ml) e controle (0,2 ml). Em relação à mobilidade e ao tempo de ativação, T1 e T5 apresentaram os melhores resultados (90 ± 0% e 54,2 ± 7 s, 90 ± 0% e 52,9 ± 3,8 s, respectivamente). A concentração de esperma foi maior (p <0,05) em T2 e T5 (1275 ± 322 e 1261 ± 225 sptz x 103 / µl) em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Conclui-se que a indução hormonal com OVAPRIM® combinada com HCG, é efetiva para a produção seminal nas espécies.

Ecografía temprana 2D y Doppler en mola hidatiforme: presentación de un caso clínico / Early ultrasound 2D and Doppler in hydatidiform mole: presentation of a clinical case

la mola hidatiforme es una patología obstétrica rara, con una presentación clínica que amerita hacer un correcto uso de las pruebas diagnósticas disponibles, especialmente el ultrasonido y el Doppler, de forma temprana en la gestación, en pacientes asintomáticas, para establecer el diagnóstico y la clasificación adecuada y oportuna, lo que va a mejorar favorablemente el pronóstico. El tratamiento de elección es la evacuación uterina y el seguimiento estricto de los niveles de ß-hCG. En este manuscrito se presenta el caso de una paciente de 21 años de edad, primigestante, con 10+4 semanas de amenorrea no confiable, quien consultó a la Clínica del Prado (Medellín, Colombia) por diagnóstico ecográfico de mola. Se utilizó como fuente primaria de información del caso la historia clínica y se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura relacionada, con el uso de las palabras clave "mole" e "hydatiform" en las bases de datos Medline, vía PubMed y Clinical Key, publicada entre 2011 y 2016, en inglés y español, para complementar el manuscrito

The hydatidiform mole is a rare obstetric pathology, with a clinical presentation that requiers the correct use of available diagnostic tests, especially ultrasound and Doppler, early in the pregnancy, in asymptomatic patients, to establish an adequate and timely diagnosis and classification, which will improve the prognosis favorably. The treatment of choice is uterine evacuation and strict monitoring of ß-hCG levels. In this manuscript it's presented the case of a 21-year-old, primigestante patient, with 10 + 4 weeks of unreliable amenorrhea, who consulted to the Clinica del Prado (Medellín, Colombia) for ultrasound diagnosis of mola. The clinical history was used as primary source of information of the case and it was made a search of the related literature with the use of the key words "mole" and "hydatiform" in the Medline databases, via PubMed and Clinical Key, published between 2011 and 2016, in English and Spanish, to complement the manuscript

Síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica severo: Informe de caso y revisión de literatura / Severe Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review / Síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica grave: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Introducción: El síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica severo es la complicación más grave de la estimulación ovárica durante la inducción de la ovulación. Los hallazgos característicos son la presencia de ovarios aumentados de volumen y ascitis en relación a extravasación de líquido por aumento de la permeabilidad capilar, cuya severidad puede llevar a falla respiratoria, renal, colapso hemodinámico y eventos tromboembólicos. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica, junto con una revisión de la literatura sobre la patología, orientada al diagnóstico y tratamiento óptimo de pacientes con estas características clínicas. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 29 años con antecedente de síndrome de ovario poliquístico que presenta síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica severo como complicación secundaria a estimulación gonadotrófica. El cuadro clínico mostró ovarios aumentados de tamaño en la evaluación sonográfica; anasarca dada por ascitis y derrames pleurales bilaterales e insuficiencia respiratoria tipo distrés respiratorio del adulto. Se realizó paracentesis y se utilizó ventilación mecánica no invasiva, logrando la expansión pulmonar. Discusión: El análisis de este caso se inició siete días después de la administración de gonadotropina, favorecido por las condiciones previas de la paciente, sin complicaciones letales. Conclusiones: La paracentesis puede constituir una opción terapéutica efectiva en el tratamiento de ascitis con compromiso de la función pulmonar. La ventilación mecánica no invasiva es una estrategia para evitar la intubación en estas pacientes lo cual evita los periodos de sedación exhaustivos y el consiguiente riesgo de broncoaspiración. [Urbina-Contreras ZE, Urbina-Echeverry SE,Lamos-Duarte AF, Picón-Jaimes YA. Síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica severo: Informe de caso y revisión de literatura. MedUNAB 2017; 20(2): 244-251].

Introduction: Severe ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome is the most serious complication of ovarian stimulation during the induction of ovulation. Characteristic findings are the presence of increased ovarian volume and ascites in relation to fluid extravasation due to increased capillary permeability whose severity can lead to respiratory failure, renal failure, and hemodynamic collapse and thromboembolic events. Objective: To describe a clinical case of OHSS, along with a review of the literature on the pathology, aimed at the diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients with these clinical characteristics. Case presentation: A 29-year-old patient with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome who presented severe Severe ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome as a secondary complication to gonadotrophic stimulation. The clinical profile showed enlarged ovaries in the sonographic test; anasarca due to ascites and bilateral pleural effusions and respiratory failures that belong to a respiratory distress type in this adult patient. Paracentesis was performed and noninvasive mechanical ventilation was used, achieving lung expansion with it. Discussion: The analysis of this case was started seven days after the administration of gonadotropin, favored by the patient's previous conditions, with no lethal complications. Conclusions: Paracentesis may be an effective therapeutic option in the treatment of ascites with compromised lung function. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation is a strategy to avoid intubation in these patients, which avoids the periods of exhaustive sedation and the consequent risk of bronchoaspiration. [Urbina-Contreras ZE, Urbina-Echeverry SE, Lamos-Duarte AF, Picón-Jaimes YA. Severe Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review. MedUNAB 2017; 20(2): 244-251].

Introdução: O síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica avançado é a complicação mais grave da estimulação ovariana durante a indução da ovulação. As características achadas são o aumento do volumem dos ovários e ascite em relação ao extravasamento do fluido devido ao aumento da permeabilidade capilar, cuja gravidade pode levar à insuficiência respiratória, insuficiência renal,colapso hemodinâmico e eventos tromboembólicos. Objetivo: Descrever um caso clínico de síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica avançado, juntamente com uma revisão da literatura sobre a patologia, visando o diagnóstico e tratamento ótimo de pacientes com essas características clínicas. A presentação do caso: Paciente de 29 anos com história de síndrome de ovário policístico que apresenta síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica avançado como complicação secundária à estimulação gonadotrófica. O quadro clínico mostrou ovários ampliados na avaliação ultra-sonográfica; anasarca devido à ascite e derrames pleurais bilaterais e insuficiência respiratória do tipo insuficiência respiratória do adulto. Foi realizada a paracentese e foi utilizada ventilação mecânica não invasiva, atingindo a expansão pulmonar. Discussão: A análise deste caso começou sete dias após a administração da gonadotrofina, favorecida pelas condições prévias da paciente, sem complicações letais. Conclusões: A paracentese pode constituir uma opção terapêutica efetiva no tratamento de ascite com comprometimento da função pulmonar. Aventilação mecânica não invasiva é uma estratégia para evitar intubação nessas pacientes, o que evita os períodos de sedação exaustiva e o consequente risco de bronco-aspiração. [Urbina-Contreras ZE, Urbina-Echeverry SE, Lamos-Duarte AF, Picón-Jaimes YA. Síndrome de hiperestimulação ovárica grave: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura. MedUNAB 2017; 20(2): 244-251].

Síndrome de Cushing adrenal dependiente de hormona luteinizante / Luteinising hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome

La hormona luteinizante (LH) y la gonadotropina coriónica humana (hCG) puede inducir esteroidogénesis, hiperplasia y tumorigénesis adrenal a través del estímulo sobre el receptor constitutivo de la LH (R-LHCG) en la corteza adrenal. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del síndrome de Cushing adrenal dependiente de LH (SCa-LH) no se han establecido plenamente, pero es reconocida la relación ontogénica adrenal-gonadal con mutua participación de diversos genes, factores de transcripción y enzimas esteroidogénicas como posible causa. El SCa-LH fue descrito en mujeres durante la gestación por el estímulo de hCG y en la posmenopausia ante el aumento de LH, así como en hurones luego de la gonadectomía quirúrgica.

Luteinising hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can induce steroidogenesis, hyperplasia, and adrenal tumorigenesis through the stimulus of the constitutive LH receptor (R-LHCG) within the adrenal cortex. The pathophysiological mechanisms of luteinising hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome are not completely understood, but the ontogenic relationship between the adrenal cortex and the gonads, with mutual participation of different genes, transcription factors and steroidogenic enzymes cited as a possible cause, is well-recognised. SCa-LH has been described in pregnant women, as a result of hCG stimulus, and in post-menopausal women, due to increased levels of LH, as well as in ferrets after gonadectomy.

Neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após normalização espontânea da gonadotrofina coriônica humana em paciente com mola hidatiforme parcial / Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin in patient with partial hydatidiform mole

Neste relato, é apresentado um caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após normalização espontânea de gonadotrofina coriônica humana em paciente com mola hidatiforme parcial. Trata-se da segunda ocorrência publicada desse evento e a primeira em que há comprovação imuno-histoquímica. No bojo dessa apresentação, ademais de mostrar o tratamento para essa intercorrência da gravidez, discute-se a possibilidade de redução da duração do seguimento pós-molar, assim como estratégias para o precoce reconhecimento da neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após a remissão espontânea da gravidez molar.

We report here a case of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin in a patient with a partial hydatidiform mole. This is the second occurrence of this event to be reported and the first one with proven immunohistochemical evidence. Besides showing the treatment for this pregnancy complication, this case report discusses the possibility of reducing the duration of post-molar follow-up, as well as strategies for early recognition of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous remission of molar pregnancy.

Gonadotropina coriónica en flujo vaginal para el diagnóstico de rotura prematura de membranas / Chorionic gonadotrophin in vaginal discharge for diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes

Objetivo: Establecer la eficacia diagnóstica de la determinación de gonadotropina coriónica en flujo vaginal para el diagnóstico de la rotura prematura de membranas. Método: Investigación de tipo prospectiva en muestra de 270 embarazadas que asistieron al Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Los grupos consistieron en pacientes con rotura prematura de membranas (grupo A; n = 135) y embarazadas con membranas integras (grupo B; n = 135), consideradas como controles. Se evaluaron las características generales, valores de gonadotropina coriónica en flujo vaginal y efectividad diagnóstica. Resultados: La edad gestacional al momento de la determinación de las concentraciones de gonadotropina coriónica en flujo vaginal fue de 32,9 +/- 1,6 semanas para el grupo A y 33,1 +/- 1,9 semanas para el grupo B (p = ns). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la edad materna y la frecuencia de paridad entre ambos grupos de tratamiento (p = ns). Las pacientes del grupo A presentaron concentraciones significativamente más altas de gonadotropina coriónica en flujo vaginal (697,4 +/- 382,4 mUI/mL) comparado con las embarazadas del grupo B (91,4 +/- 47,1 mUI/mL; p < 0,0001). Un valor de corte de 100 mUI/mL presentó un valor por debajo de la curva de 0,96 con una sensibilidad del 97,0 por ciento, especificidad del 51,1 por ciento, valor predictivo positivo del 66,5 por ciento y valor predictivo negativo del 94,5 por ciento. Conclusión: La determinación de las concentraciones de gonadotropina coriónica en el flujo vaginal es una técnica diagnóstica útil para la rotura prematura de membranas.

Objective: To establish the diagnostical efficacy of chorionic gonadotropin in vaginal fluid determination for diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes. Method: A prospective research type was done with a sample of 270 pregnant women who assisted to obstetrics emergency at Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. Groups consisted in patients with premature rupture of membranes (group A; n = 135) and pregnant women with intact membranes (group B; n = 135), considered as controls. General characteristics, values of chorionic gonadotropin in vaginal fluid and diagnostic efficacy were evaluated. Results: Gestational age at the moment of determination chorionic gonadotropin in vaginal fluid was 32.9 +/- 1.6 weeks in group A and 33.1 +/- 1.9 weeks in group B (p = ns). There were no significant differences in maternal age and frequency of parity between groups (p = ns). Patients in group A showed significant higher concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin in vaginal fluid (697.4 +/- 382.4 mUI/mL) compared with pregnant women in group B (91.4 +/- 47.1 mUI/mL; p < 0.0001). A cut-off point of 100 mUI/mL showed a under the curve value of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 97.0 percent, specificity of 51.1 percent, positive predictive value of 66.5 percent and negative predictive value of 94.5 percent. Conclusions: Determination of chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in vaginal fluid is a useful diagnosis tool for premature rupture of membranes.

Tratamento de folículo anovulatório persistente em égua: relato de caso / Treatment of persistent anovulatory follicle in mare: a case report

O presente estudo busca apresentar o processo diagnóstico, evolução e tratamento, bem como registrar um caso de folículo anovulatório persistente na espécie equina. Para tanto, realizou-se atendimento clínico em uma égua da raça Quarto de Milha de nove anos de idade, no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Paulista de São José dos Campos, com histórico de infertilidade. Foi realizada a avaliação clínica do paciente e exame ultrassonográfico do sistema reprodutivo, utilizando o equipamento Ultrassom Chison D600 com probe linear 7,5MHz no qual foi identificada estrutura compatível com folículo anovulatório no ovário direito. O tratamento proposto seria a utilização 5000 UI de gonadotropina coriônica humana (hCG - Vetecor - Hertape Calier) por via intravenosa e 250 mg de Cloprostenol (Prolise® -Tecnopec), por via intramuscular, no nono dia após a aplicação do hCG. No entanto por apresentar quadro de desconforto abdominal 24 horas após a aplicação do hCG, o tratamento foi suspenso a pedido do proprietário, não sendo realizada a indução da luteólise. O animal foi reavaliado com novo exame ultrassonográfico após sete dias da aplicação do hCG, onde foram observadas imagens ultrassonográficas compatíveis com a ovulação do folículo. A terapia proposta foi eficiente para resolução do folículo anovulatório, no entanto, a origem do quadro de desconforto abdominal pode ser evidenciada, sugerindo que maiores esforços sejam necessários para investigar o efeito do tratamento na saúde do animal...

This study seeks to make the diagnostic process, evolution and treatment, as well as to register a case of persistent anovulatory follicle in the equine species. Therefore, a mare of the Quarter Horse race of nine-year-old with a history of infertility was examined at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paulista in São José dos Campos. It was performed a clinical assessment of the patient and ultrasound examination of the reproductive system, using ultrasound equipment Chison D600 with 7.5 MHz linear probe. It was identified a structure compatible with anovulatory follicle in the right ovary. The proposed treatment would be to use 5000 IU IV human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG - Vetecor - Hertape Calier) and 250 mg Cloprostenol IM (Prolise® - Tecnopec) on the ninth day after application of hCG. However, the animal showed abdominal discomfort 24 hours after application of hCG, so the treatment was suspended at the request of the owner, has not been accomplished to induce luteolysis. The animal was reassessed with new ultrasound seven days after application of hCG, which were seen ultrasound images compatible with ovulation follicle. The proposed therapy was effective for solving the anovulatory follicle, however, it was evident abdominal discomfort, suggesting that further efforts are necessary to investigate the treatment effect on the health of the animal...

Subunidad beta de gonadotropina coriónica humana, testosterona libre y sexo fetal en el desarrollo de preeclampsia / Beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, free testosterone and fetal sex in the development of preeclampsia

La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la relación existente entre los niveles de testosterona libre (Tl), subunidad beta de gonadotropina coriónica humana (β-hCG) y sexo fetal con la preeclampsia (PE). Se estudiaron previo consentimiento informado, 20 primigestas complicadas con PE y 20 primigestas no complicadas, en edad gestacional mayor a 20 semanas, distribuidas en 50% fetos masculinos y 50% fetos femeninos, determinándose los niveles de Tl y β-hCG. El análisis reportó que las gestantes con fetos masculinos y femeninos y sin PE tuvieron niveles significativamente mayores de β-hCG que aquellas con PE e idéntico sexo fetal, lo cual difiere de lo reportado en la literatura. En gestantes No PE los niveles de β-hCG fueron significativamente más elevados que en gestantes con PE para ambos sexos fetales. Las gestantes con fetos masculinos y PE reportaron niveles más elevados de Tl que las gestantes sin PE e idéntico sexo fetal, similar a lo reportado en la literatura. En las gestantes con fetos femeninos no hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de Tl al comparar gestantes PE y No PE, difiriendo de lo reportado en la literatura. Las gestantes con PE y fetos femeninos tuvieron valores de Tl significativamente mayores que las gestantes No PE y fetos masculinos. Los niveles de Tl de gestantes con PE y fetos masculinos no difirieron significativamente de aquellas con fetos femeninos y No PE. Estos resultados pueden indicar una influencia androgénica en el mecanismo fisiopatológico de la preeclampsia.

The research aims to determine the relationship between levels of free testosterone (FT), beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and fetal sex with preeclampsia (PE). Were studied previous informed consent, 20 primiparous complicated with PE and 20 primiparous uncomplicated, at gestational age greater than 20 weeks, divided into 50% male fetuses and 50% female fetuses, determining the levels of β-hCG and Tl. The analysis reported that pregnant women with male and female fetuses without PE had significantly higher levels of β-hCG than those with PE and identical fetal sex, which differs from that reported in the literature. In pregnant not PE levels β-hCG were significantly higher than in pregnancies with fetal PE for both sexes. Pregnant women with male fetuses and PE reported higher levels of Tl that pregnant women without PE and identical fetal sex, similar to that reported in the literature. In pregnant women with female fetuses no significant differences in levels of Tl comparing pregnant PE and Non PE, differing from those reported in the literature. Pregnant women with PE and female fetuses had significantly higher values of Tl that pregnant women no PE and male fetuses. Tl levels of PE and pregnant with male fetuses did not differ significantly from those with female fetuses and not PE. These results may indicate an androgenic influence in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.

Frequência de mola hidatiforme em tecidos obtidos por curetagem uterina / Frequency of hydatidiform mole in tissue obtained by curettage

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de mola hidatiforme em tecidos obtidos por curetagem uterina. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, prospectivo e descritivo que incluiu pacientes submetidas à curetagem uterina por diagnóstico de aborto ou mola hidatiforme cujo material obtido foi encaminhado para exame anatomopatológico. Foram excluídas aquelas que não aceitaram participar da pesquisa, recusando-se a assinar o Termo de Consentimento Informado Livre e Esclarecido. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: achados anatomopatológicos, idade, raça/cor, número de gestações e abortos prévios, idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico, níveis séricos quantitativos da fração beta da gonadotrofina coriônica humana e achados ultrassonográficos. As variáveis foram empregadas para a verificação com o diagnóstico histológico, considerado o padrão-ouro. Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no software Microsoft Excel® e no programa Epi-Info, versão 6.0 (STATCALC) e os resultados apresentados como frequência (porcentagem) ou média±desvio padrão. Para a associação entre variáveis qualitativas foi usado o teste do χ², e admitiu-se significância estatística quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: No período, foram realizadas 515 curetagens, das quais 446 compuseram a amostra. A frequência de mola hidatiforme foi de 2,2% (dez casos). A média de idade das pacientes com mola foi 31±10 anos, a maioria era da raça branca e multípara e não tinha antecedente de aborto prévio, mas não houve associação significativa entre essas variáveis. A perda gestacional foi precoce nas pacientes com e sem mola, e as queixas mais comuns em ambos os grupos foram: sangramento vaginal e dor em cólica em hipogástrio. A dosagem sérica quantitativa da fração beta da gonadotrofina coriônica humana foi obtida em 422 casos (413 sem mola hidatiforme e 9 com mola hidatiforme). Os níveis do hormônio foram superiores a 100.000 mUI/mL em 1,9% das pacientes sem mola hidatiforme, e em 44,45% das pacientes com a doença (p=0,00004). Todas as pacientes com esse nível de hormônio tinham suspeita ultrassonográfica de gestação molar e uma delas apresentava também suspeita clínica. Trezentas e trinta e três pacientes foram submetidas a exame ultrassonográfico. Das pacientes com achados ultrassonográficos sugestivos de gestação molar, houve confirmação diagnóstica em cinco (41,7%) casos. Os outros sete (58,3%) eram falso-positivos. Houve associação significativa entre achado ultrassonográfico suspeito de gestação molar e confirmação da doença pela análise anatomopatológica (p=0,0001). Em metade dos casos de mola hidatiforme não havia suspeita da doença pelo quadro clínico, níveis da fração beta da gonadotrofina coriônica humana ou achados ultrassonográficos. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de mola hidatiforme é baixa e a doença pode não ser suspeitada pelo quadro clínico, pela ultrassonografia e pelo nível sérico da fração beta da gonadotrofina coriônica humana, exigindo análise anatomopatológica dos tecidos obtidos pelo esvaziamento uterino para o seu diagnóstico.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of hydatiform mole in tissues obtained by curettage. METHODS: A cross-sectional, prospective and descriptive conducted on patients who underwent curretage due to a diagnosis of abortion or hydatiform mole whose material was sent for pathological examination. We excluded women who did not accept to participate and refused to sign the free informed consent form. We studied the following variables: pathological findings, age, race, number of pregnancies and previous abortions, gestational age at diagnosis, quantitative serum beta fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin and ultrasound findings. The data were compared to the to histological diagnosis, considered to be the gold standard. Data were stored and analyzed in Microsoft Excel® software and the Epi-Info program, version 6.0 (STATCALC) and the results are presented as frequency (percentage) or mean±standard deviation. The χ2 test was used to determine the association between qualitative variables and the level of significance was set at p<0.005. RESULTS: A total of 515 curettage procedures were performed, 446 of which comprised the sample. The frequency of hydatiform mole was 2.2% (ten cases). The mean age of the patients with a mole was 31±10 years, most patients were white and multiparous and had no history of previous abortions, but there was no significant association between these variables. The pregnancy loss occurred early in patients with and without a mole and the most common complaints in both groups were vaginal bleeding and cramps in the lower abdomen. Quantitative determination of human chorionic gonadotropin was performed in 422 cases (413 with and 9 without a hydatiform mole). The levels of the hormone were higher than 100,000 mIU/mL in 1.9% of the patients without a hydatiform mole and in 44.45% of the patients with the disease (p=0.00004). All patients with this hormonal level had an ultrasound suspicion of hydatiform mole and one of them also had a clinical suspicion. A total of 333 patients underwent ultrasound examination. Of the patients with sonographic findings suggestive of molar pregnancy, there was confirmation in five (41.7%) cases. The other seven (58.3%) were false positives. A significant association was found between ultrasound suspected molar pregnancy and disease confirmation by histopathological analysis (p=0.0001). In 50% of cases of hydatiform mole there was no suspicion of the disease according to clinical signs and symptoms, levels of beta fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin or sonographic findings. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of hydatidiform mole is low and the disease may not be suspected by clinical examination, ultrasonography or the serum level of the beta fraction of human chorionic gonadotropin, requiring pathological examination of tissue obtained by uterine evacuation for diagnosis.